#1600 ad wars series

1421–1491) sets up a printing press at Westminster, and in the following year produces Dictes and Sayenges of the Phylosophers, the first dated book to be printed in England. Civil war ensues, and in 1461 Richard’s son is crowned Edward IV (r. Richard (1411–1460), duke of York and Protector of England, attempts to depose the ailing Lancastrian king Henry VI. The Wars of the Roses erupt between the houses of Lancaster and York, two branches of the ruling Plantagenet dynasty. Of the considerable territories won by England in the preceding century, encompassing most of France north of the Loire, all but Calais are restored to French authority.

#1600 ad wars series

The Hundred Years’ War, a series of military conflicts beginning in 1337 over English dynastic claims to the throne of France, ends in the defeat of English forces. Welsh lord Owen Glendower (1359?–1416?) leads a revolt, ultimately unsuccessful, against British rule in Wales. Elizabeth’s reign marks a turning point in the economic and artistic life of the British Isles by her death in 1603, England is the center of a rich literary culture and, with its powerful navy, maintains numerous trading interests in Europe and the East and claims in the New World. 1553–58), but upheld by her successor, Elizabeth I (r. He establishes the Church of England, and effects a religious reformation shortly to be undone by his Catholic daughter, Mary I (r. 1509–47) severs his own ties with the Catholic Church. In 1534, seventeen years after Luther initiates the Reformation in Germany, Henry VIII (r. The conversion of Scotland to Protestantism, led by John Knox (1513–1572), repairs the rift.

Scotland, facing similar civil unrest in the fifteenth century, forges an alliance with France through the marriage of James V to Marie of Guise (1515–1560) and earns the enmity of England. Irish civil wars continue to rage, however, and culminate at the turn of the seventeenth century.

Tensions between England and Wales are relieved by the Act of Union in 1536, and Tudor rulers tighten their control in Ireland, particularly after the religious upheaval at mid-century. The sixteenth century witnesses both a dramatic shift of power in the hands of the increasingly autocratic English monarch, and the emergence of England as a major presence in international commerce. By the end of the fifteenth century, civil war between the Yorkists and Lancastrians seriously undermines the power of the monarchy and leaves the nobility fractured and vulnerable to the prevailing Tudor family. During the reign of his son Henry VI (1422–61 1470–71), however, the English are expelled from France with the help of Joan of Arc, a French peasant girl, and political turmoil erupts at home when the king’s frequent illnesses place England in the hands of a Protector, Richard, duke of York. His endeavors are temporarily successful, gaining large territories in France and securing his claim to the French throne. 1413–22) renews the war with France that has continued, with interruptions, for nearly a century. 1399–1413), England’s first Lancastrian king, Great Britain and Ireland are rife with internal tensions, including Welsh revolt, a series of baronial rebellions led by the Percy family of Northumberland, and ongoing warfare among the Anglo-Irish nobility. At the start of the period, concurrent with the accession of Henry IV (r.